When can information in the counseling relationship be disclosed without the client's consent?

Disclosing information without the client’s consent is typically limited to specific scenarios where there are overriding concerns such as safety or legal obligations. In cases of a medical emergency, a counselor may disclose necessary information to seek care for the client or to protect the client from imminent danger. This action is justified, as the primary intent is to ensure the safety and well-being of the client, which aligns with ethical and legal responsibilities in the counseling profession.

The other options do not align with the ethical guidelines regarding confidentiality in counseling. A letter from the client would still be a form of consent rather than a scenario where disclosure occurs without consent. For marketing purposes, confidentiality must be maintained, and using client information without consent violates ethical standards. Routine check-ins do not constitute emergencies and typically do not warrant disclosure without consent. Thus, the correct understanding here emphasizes the gravity of emergencies as valid instances for breaching confidentiality to protect the client.